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Project Athena

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Project_Athena_(Intel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Athena (Intel)">Project Athena (Intel)</a>.</div>

Project Athena was a joint project of <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, and <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to produce a campus-wide <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> environment for educational use.<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a> It was launched in 1983, and research and development ran until June 30, 1991. As of 2023, Athena is still in production use at MIT. It works as software (currently a set of <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> packages)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> that makes a machine a <a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a>, that will download educational applications from the MIT servers on demand.

Project Athena was important in the early history of desktop and distributed computing. It created the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>, and <a href="Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr Notification Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a> It influenced the development of <a href="Thin_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin computing">thin computing</a>, <a href="LDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="LDAP">LDAP</a>, <a href="Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a>, and <a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Leaders of the $50 million, five-year project at MIT included <a href="Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a>, director of the <a href="Laboratory_for_Computer_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory for Computer Science">Laboratory for Computer Science</a>; Jerry Wilson, dean of the <a href="MIT_School_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT School of Engineering">School of Engineering</a>; and <a href="Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a>, head of the <a href="MIT_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department">Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a> department. DEC agreed to contribute more than 300 terminals, 1600 microcomputers, 63 minicomputers, and five employees. IBM agreed to contribute 500 microcomputers, 500 workstations, software, five employees, and grant funding.<a href="#cite_note-curran198308-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-brann19840320-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

In 1979 Dertouzos proposed to university president <a href="Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> that the university network mainframe computers for student use. At that time MIT used computers throughout its research, but undergraduates did not use computers except in Course VI (computer science) classes. With no interest from the rest of the university, the <a href="MIT_School_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT School of Engineering">School of Engineering</a> in 1982 approached DEC for equipment for itself. President <a href="Paul_E._Gray" title="Paul E. Gray">Paul E. Gray</a> and the <a href="MIT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Corporation">MIT Corporation</a> wanted the project to benefit the rest of the university, and IBM agreed to donate equipment to MIT except to the engineering school.<a href="#cite_note-garfinkel19881112-5">[5]</a>

Project Athena began in May 1983. Its initial goals were to:<a href="#cite_note-6.933J-6">[6]</a>

<ul><li>Develop computer-based learning tools that are usable in multiple educational environments</li>

<li>Establish a base of knowledge for future decisions about educational computing</li>

<li>Create a computational environment supporting multiple hardware types</li>

<li>Encourage the sharing of ideas, code, data, and experience across MIT</li></ul>

The project intended to extend computer power into fields of study outside computer science and engineering, such as foreign languages, economics, and political science. To implement these goals, MIT decided to build a <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> system. Unlike those at <a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, which also received the IBM and DEC grants, students did not have to own their own computer; MIT built <a href="Computer_lab" title="Computer lab">computer labs</a> for their users, although the goal was to put networked computers into each dormitory. Students were required to learn <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a> and <a href="Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brann19840320-4">[4]</a> and would have access to <a href="3M_computer" title="3M computer">3M computers</a>, capable of 1 million <a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">instructions per second</a> and with 1 <a href="Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> of <a href="RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> and a 1 <a href="Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixel</a> display.<a href="#cite_note-6.933J-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Although IBM and DEC computers were hardware-incompatible, Athena's designers intended that software would run similarly on both. MIT did not want to be dependent on one vendor at the end of Athena. Sixty-three DEC <a href="VAX-11/750" class="mw-redirect" title="VAX-11/750">VAX-11/750</a> servers were the first timesharing clusters. "Phase II" began in September 1987, with hundreds of <a href="IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a> <a href="Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> replacing the VAXes, which became <a href="Fileserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fileserver">fileservers</a> for the workstations. The DEC-IBM division between departments no longer existed. Upon logging into a workstation, students would have immediate access to a universal set of files and programs via central services. Because the workstation used a <a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a> model, the user interface would be consistent despite the use of different hardware vendors for different workstations. A small staff could maintain hundreds of clients.<a href="#cite_note-garfinkel19881112-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-mihalik19990413-8">[8]</a>

The project spawned many technologies that are widely used today, such as the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>. Among the other technologies developed for Project Athena were the <a href="Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr Notification Service</a> and the <a href="Hesiod_(name_service)" title="Hesiod (name service)">Hesiod</a> name and directory service.<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a>

As of November 1988 MIT had 722 workstations in 33 private and public clusters on and off campus, including <a href="List_of_MIT_fraternities%2C_sororities%2C_and_ILGs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT fraternities, sororities, and ILGs">student living groups and fraternities</a>. A survey found that 92% of undergraduates had used the Athena workstations at least once, and 25% used them every day.<a href="#cite_note-garfinkel19881112-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel19890203-9">[9]</a> The project received an extension of three years in January 1988. Developers who had focused on creating the operating system and <a href="Educational_software#Courseware" title="Educational software">courseware</a> for various educational subjects now worked to improve Athena's stability and make it more <a href="User_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="User friendly">user friendly</a>. When Project Athena ended in June 1991, MIT's IT department took it over and extended it into the university's research and administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-mihalik19990413-8">[8]</a>

In 1993, the IBM RT PC workstations were retired, being replaced by Sun <a href="SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a>, <a href="IBM_RS/6000" title="IBM RS/6000">IBM RS/6000</a> POWERstation 220, and Personal <a href="DECstation" title="DECstation">DECstation</a> 5000 Model 25 systems.<a href="#cite_note-thetech19930721_athena-10">[10]</a> As of April 1999 the MIT campus had more than 1300 Athena workstations, and more than 6000 Athena users logged into the system daily.<a href="#cite_note-mihalik19990413-8">[8]</a> Athena is still used by many in the MIT community through the computer labs scattered around the campus. It is also now available for installation on personal computers, including laptops.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_computing_environment">Educational computing environment</h2></div>

Athena continues in use as of 2023, providing a ubiquitous computing platform for education at MIT; plans are to continue its use indefinitely.

Athena was designed to minimize the use of labor in its operation, in part through the use of (what is now called ) "<a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a>" architecture and standard desktop configurations. This not only reduces labor content in operations but also minimizes the amount of training for deployment, software upgrade, and trouble-shooting. These features continue to be of considerable benefit today.

In keeping with its original intent, access to the Athena system has been greatly enlarged in the last several years. Whereas in 1991 much of the access was in public "clusters" (<a href="Computer_lab" title="Computer lab">computer labs</a>) in academic buildings, access has been extended to <a href="Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitories</a>, <a href="Fraternities_and_sororities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternities and sororities</a>, and independent living groups. All dormitories have officially supported Athena clusters. In addition, most dormitories have "quick login" kiosks, which is a standup workstation with a timer to limit access to ten minutes. The dormitories have "one port per pillow" Internet access.

Originally, the Athena release used <a href="Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD) as the base operating system for all hardware platforms. As of April 1999 public clusters consisted of <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> and <a href="SGI_Indy" title="SGI Indy">SGI Indy</a> workstations.<a href="#cite_note-mihalik19990413-8">[8]</a> SGI hardware was dropped in anticipation of the end of IRIX production in 2006. Linux-Athena was introduced in version 9, with the <a href="Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> operating system running on cheaper <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> or <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> hardware. Athena 9 also replaced the internally developed "DASH" menu system and <a href="Motif_Window_Manager" title="Motif Window Manager">Motif Window Manager</a> (mwm) with a more modern <a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> desktop. Athena 10 is based on <a href="Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> Linux (derived from <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>) only.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Support for Solaris is expected to be dropped almost entirely.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_software">Educational software</h2></div>

<blockquote>"I felt that, we would know Athena was successful, if we were surprised by some of the applications, it turned out that our surprises were largely in the humanities" — <a href="Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a><a href="#cite_note-news.mit.edu/2018/1111-15">[15]</a></blockquote>

The original concept of Project Athena was that there would be course-specific software developed to use in conjunction with teaching. Today, computers are most frequently used for "horizontal" applications such as e-mail, word processing, communications, and graphics.

The big impact of Athena on education has been the integration of third party applications into courses. <a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a>, and especially, <a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, are integrated into large numbers of science and engineering classes. Faculty expect that their students have access to, and know how to use, these applications for projects, and homework assignments, and some have used the MATLAB platform to rebuild the courseware that they had originally built using the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.

More specialized third-party software are used on Athena for more discipline-specific work. Rendering software, for architecture and computer graphics classes, molecular modeling software, for chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science courses, and professional software used by chemical engineers in industry, are important components of a number of MIT classes in various departments.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_to_the_development_of_distributed_systems">Contributing to the development of distributed systems</h2></div>

Athena was not a research project, and the development of new models of computing was not a primary objective of the project. Indeed, quite the opposite was true. MIT wanted a high-quality computing environment for education. The only apparent way to obtain one was to build it internally, using existing components where available, and augmenting those components with software to create the desired distributed system. However, the fact that this was a leading edge development in an area of intense interest to the computing industry worked strongly to the favor of MIT by attracting large amounts of funding from industrial sources.

Long experience has shown that advanced development directed at solving important problems tends to be much more successful than advanced development promoting technology that must look for a problem to solve. Athena is an excellent example of advanced development undertaken to meet a need that was both immediate and important. The need to solve a "real" problem kept Athena on track to focus on important issues and solve them, and to avoid getting side-tracked into academically interesting but relatively unimportant problems. Consequently, Athena made very significant contributions to the technology of distributed computing, but as a side-effect to solving an educational problem.

The leading edge system architecture and design features pioneered by Athena, using current terminology, include:

<ul><li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">Client–server</a> model of distributed computing using three-tier architecture (see <a href="Multitier_architecture" title="Multitier architecture">Multitier architecture</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a> (stateless) desktops</li>

<li>System-wide security system (<a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> encrypted authentication and authorization)<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Building_Internet_Firewalls-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>Naming service (<a href="Hesiod_(name_service)" title="Hesiod (name service)">Hesiod</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, widely used within the Unix community<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>X tool kit for easy construction of human interfaces</li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a> (<a href="Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a> real time notification service)<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>System-wide use of a directory system</li>

<li>Integrated system-wide maintenance system (Moira Service Management System)</li>

<li>On-Line Help system (OLH)</li>

<li>Public bulletin board system (Discuss)</li></ul>

Many of the design concepts developed in the "on-line consultant" now appear in popular help desk software packages.

Because the functional and system management benefits provided by the Athena system were not available in any other system, its use extended beyond the MIT campus. In keeping with the established policy of MIT, the software was made available at no cost to all interested parties. Digital Equipment Corporation, having implemented Athena at various beta-test sites,<a href="#cite_note-computerworld19900723_athena-18">[18]</a> "productized" the software as DECAthena to make it more portable, and offered it along with support services to the market. A number of academic and industrial organizations installed the Athena software. As of early 1992, 20 universities worldwide were using DECathena, with a reported 30 commercial organisations evaluating the product.<a href="#cite_note-digitalnews19920120_decathena-19">[19]</a>

The architecture of the system also found use beyond MIT. The architecture of the <a href="Distributed_Computing_Environment" title="Distributed Computing Environment">Distributed Computing Environment</a> (DCE) software from the Open Software Foundation was based on concepts pioneered by Athena. Subsequently, the Windows NT network operating system from Microsoft incorporates Kerberos and several other basic architecture design features first implemented by Athena.<a href="#cite_note-Athena_Network_Services-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_outside_MIT">Use outside MIT</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a>, the computer graphics and animation company (then the <a href="Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> Computer Graphics Project, now owned by Walt Disney Pictures), used ten <a href="VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11/750</a> superminicomputers at Project Athena, for some of the rendering of <a href="The_Adventures_of_Andr%C3%A9_and_Wally_B." class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of André and Wally B.">The Adventures of André and Wally B.</a><a href="#cite_note-google/books=c5WZDgAAQBAJ-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory/Animation-1984-1985-21">[21]</a></li>

<li><a href="Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> runs an implementation of Athena named "Project Vincent", named after <a href="John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a>, the inventor of the <a href="Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer">Atanasoff–Berry Computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-digitalnews19920120_decathena-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> also runs a variation of Athena named "Eos/Unity".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> began a similar system a year earlier than MIT called <a href="Andrew_Project" title="Andrew Project">Project Andrew</a> which spawned <a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a>, Athena's current filesystem.</li>

<li><a href="University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland, College Park</a> also ran a variation of Athena on the WAM (Workstations at Maryland) and Glue,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> now renamed '"TerpConnect".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="TkWWW" title="TkWWW">tkWWW</a>, a defunct <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> developed for the project by Joseph Wang</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteinerNeumanSchiller1988" class="citation journal cs1">Steiner, Jennifer G.; Neuman, Clifford; Schiller, Jeffrey I. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507093514/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebcc/5faac09f8b64f90bbbd73ce5c2a1cbfe4375.pdf">"Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Open Network Systems"</a> (PDF). Semantic Scholar. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222257682">222257682</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebcc/5faac09f8b64f90bbbd73ce5c2a1cbfe4375.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2019-05-07.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-computerworld19900723_athena-18"><a href="#cite_ref-computerworld19900723_athena_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHorwitt1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Horwitt, Elisabeth (23 July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerworld2430unse/page/67/mode/1up">"DEC to bring Athena from MIT"</a>. Computerworld. p. 68. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-google/books=c5WZDgAAQBAJ-20"><a href="#cite_ref-google/books=c5WZDgAAQBAJ_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmidi2017" class="citation book cs1">Amidi, Amid (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5WZDgAAQBAJ&dq=Wally&pg=PA16">The Art of Pixar Short Films</a>. Chronicle Books. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4521-6521-9</bdi>. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~isu150/history/timeline-1975.html">"Iowa State University Time Line, 1925-1949"</a>. iastate.edu.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604145156/http://www.eos.ncsu.edu/eos-defined.php">"More About Eos, Engineering Computing"</a>. ncsu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eos.ncsu.edu/eos-defined.php">the original</a> on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2013-01-29.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~davida/training/unix-troubleshooting.html#intro">"General UNIX Troubleshooting Information"</a>. umd.edu.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFTreese1988" class="citation web cs1">Treese, Winfield G. (February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2814184_Berkeley_UNIX_on_1000_workstations_Athena_changes_to_43BSD">"Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD"</a>. <a href="ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.3355">10.1.1.38.3355</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFArfmanRoden1992" class="citation journal cs1">Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/313/ibmsj3103I.pdf">"Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT"</a> (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 31 (3): 550–563. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.313.0550">10.1147/sj.313.0550</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChampine1991" class="citation book cs1">Champine, George A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mitprojectathena00cham">MIT project Athena: a model for distributed campus computing</a>. Maynard, Mass: Digital Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55558-072-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAvrilOrcutt1990" class="citation news cs1">Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L. (Fall 1990). "Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project". Information Technology Quarterly.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel1989" class="citation news cs1">Garfinkel, Simson L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simson.net/clips/1989/1989.TechRev.Athena.pdf">"A second win for Athena (5 part series)"</a> (PDF). <a href="MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist.mit.edu/athena">Athena at MIT</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terpconnect.umd.edu/">TerpConnect (formerly Project Glue) at UMD College Park</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/findingaids/mc00628">Guide to the Ellen McDaniel Collection of Project Athena and Project Vincent Manuals and Other Materials 1986-1993</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology693" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;"><div>Located in: <a href="Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%"><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_academics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology academics">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning" title="MIT School of Architecture and Planning">Architecture and Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_School_of_Humanities%2C_Arts%2C_and_Social_Sciences" title="MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences">Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">Sloan School of Management</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" title="MIT Schwarzman College of Computing">Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="MIT_Department_of_Biology" title="MIT Department of Biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences" title="MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences">Brain and Cognitive Sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Department_of_Economics" title="MIT Department of Economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Department_of_Mathematics" title="MIT Department of Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Department_of_Physics" title="MIT Department of Physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Health Sciences and Technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abdul_Latif_Jameel_Poverty_Action_Lab" title="Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Center_for_Bits_and_Atoms" title="Center for Bits and Atoms">Bits and Atoms</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Center_for_Information_Systems_Research" title="MIT Center for Information Systems Research">Information Systems Research</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Center_for_International_Studies" title="MIT Center for International Studies">International Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Medical_Engineering_and_Science" title="Institute for Medical Engineering and Science">Institute for Medical Engineering and Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research" title="Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research">Koch Institute</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Laboratory_for_Electromagnetic_and_Electronic_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems">Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems" title="MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems">Information and Decision Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a></li>

<li><a href="McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="McGovern Institute for Brain Research">McGovern Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">MIT Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor" title="MIT Nuclear Research Reactor">Nuclear Research Reactor</a></li>

<li><a href="Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory" title="Picower Institute for Learning and Memory">Picower Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center" title="MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center">Plasma Science and Fusion Center</a></li>

<li>Research Laboratory of Electronics</li>

<li><a href="MIT_Senseable_City_Lab" title="MIT Senseable City Lab">Senseable City Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni">Alumni</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty">Faculty</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Institute_Professors_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Institute Professors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="MIT_class_ring" title="MIT class ring">Brass Rat</a></li>

<li><a href="Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry" title="Caltech–MIT rivalry">Caltech rivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Hacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a></li>

<li><a href="List_Visual_Arts_Center" title="List Visual Arts Center">List Visual Arts Center</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Science_Fiction_Society" title="MIT Science Fiction Society">MIT Science Fiction Society</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Mystery_Hunt" title="MIT Mystery Hunt">Mystery Hunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoot" title="Smoot">Smoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_Information_Processing_Board" title="Student Information Processing Board">Student Information Processing Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">Tech Model Railroad Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Tech_Squares" title="Tech Squares">Tech Squares</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT" title="Traditions and student activities at MIT">Traditions and activities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%"><a href="Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Campus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Building_20" title="Building 20">Building 20</a></li>

<li><a href="Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Chapel" title="MIT Chapel">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Dormitories</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_MIT_fraternities%2C_sororities%2C_and_ILGs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT fraternities, sororities, and ILGs">Fraternities and sororities</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Building_(MIT)" title="Green Building (MIT)">Green Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinite_Corridor" title="Infinite Corridor">Infinite Corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Killian_Court" title="Killian Court">Killian Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">Libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Museum" title="MIT Museum">MIT Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Stata Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Sean_Collier_Memorial" title="Sean Collier Memorial">Sean Collier Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiesner_Building" title="Wiesner Building">Wiesner Building</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pioneering_solar_buildings" title="List of pioneering solar buildings">MIT Solar House #1</a></li>

<li><a href="Round_Hill_(Dartmouth%2C_Massachusetts)" title="Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)">Round Hill</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MIT_Engineers" title="MIT Engineers">Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Engineers_football" title="MIT Engineers football">Football</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_Engineers_sailing" title="MIT Engineers sailing">Sailing</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Zesiger_Sports_and_Fitness_Center" title="Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center">Zesiger Sports and Fitness Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;;width:1%">Notable projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li>

<li><a href="MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">MIT OpenCourseWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tech_Dinghy" title="Tech Dinghy">Tech Dinghy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#750014; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #8b959e, inset -1px -1px 0 #8b959e;;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Project_Athena&oldid=1292868801">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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